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January 2, 2011

A Concise History Of Buddhism

Buddhism was started by the followers of Siddhartha Gautama (circa 563-483 BC). He was born into a Hindu family of the kshatriya caste in what is now known as Nepal. At the age of 29, he abandoned his wife and young son and went in search of enlightenment.

He achieved enlightenment some time later when sitting under a bodhi tree near Patna. After 49 days of rapture and withstanding temptations (Mara), He, now called Buddha, created a group of monks and went forth to preach the word. After 45 years of preaching their philosophy of enlightenment Buddha died and reached Nirvana, the state in which ‘ideas and consciousness cease to exist’.

One of the most important concepts to Buddhists is the Tipitaka (the ‘Three Baskets’), which is a record of the Buddha’s doctrines as set down by His early followers after his death. The writings in these ‘three baskets’ tell the story of Buddha’s life (Buddha); record his laws (Dharma); and his guidelines for establishing and maintaining a monastic order (Sangha).

Buddhists believe in reincarnation and the wheel of life in a comparable fashion to Hindus. They also believe that this cycle of life, death and rebirth can be broken by attaining enlightenment. Enlightenment can be achieved by adherence to the Four Noble Truths.

Life is impermanent despite the cycle of life, death and rebirth and can only create suffering (dukka) because of the pursuit of earthly desires. Suffering and desire can just be conquered by attaining Nirvana, which can be achieved by following the Eightfold Path, otherwise called the ‘Middle Way’.

The Middle Way consists of: right belief, thought, speech, action, livelihood, work, mindfulness and concentration. These form the nucleus of Buddhist ethics.

A characteristic of Buddhism is the monastic order. Men can become monks for a couple of years or for life. There is also a female monastic order. In some sects, boys enter the monastery for a period of between a couple of weeks and a couple of months as part of their passage into adulthood. Boys in Thailand are expected to become monks for a number of weeks before they eventually get married.

Monks live an austere life in monasteries or temples. Each village has a temple in much the same manner as western villages have a church, but each temple tries to uphold a population of at least nine monks, which is thought to be the perfect number for some of their duties like blessing a house or carrying out a wedding ceremony.

Buddhist monks live on alms given by the local villagers. In Thailand the young monks walk the streets in the early morning collecting donations of food, which has to be eaten before midday, after which they might not eat. Monks are not allowed any contact with women at all. They may not even sit next to them on a bus or give the fare to a female bus conductress.

Buddhist temples are mainly for individual contemplation and meditation. They are open to anyone twenty-four hours a day and people use them to obtain respite from the hustle and bustle of every day life. Group prayer meetings are far less common a feature of Buddhism than they are in Judaism, Christianity, Islam or even Hinduism.

Owen Jones, the author of this article writes on many topics but is currently involved with Easter.If you would like to read more, please go over to our website entitled Celebrating Easter

January 1, 2011

Buddhism And Buddhist Sects

Following Buddha’s death in 483 BC, his closest followers (his disciple monks) took time off their preaching to compile his sermons (sutras) and his regulations (vinayas). In the old convention of Buddha, monks initially walked the countryside preaching and teaching for nine months of the year and went to sit out the monsoon period in a retreat for three months.

These retreats became monasteries and temples. This withdrawal into monasteries was instrumental in the development of different interpretations of Buddha’s doctrines and ultimately led to the formation of various sects which gained popularity in various parts of Asia.

There are three foremost Buddhist sects: Theravada, Mahayana and Vajrayana or Tantric Buddism.

Theravada Buddhism is the principal sect in Sri Lanka, Myanmar and Thailand and is the sect that remains most loyal to Buddha’s original doctrines. Theravada Buddhism teaches that the path to the achievement of personal Nirvana is the objective of life. It is a very personal religion in that everybody is alone on their own path to enlightenment.

Mahayana Buddism grew into the largest sect and spread along the Silk Road from India through China to east Asia starting in about 200 BC. Mahayana Buddhists worship Buddha and the Buddhist saints (bodhisattvas – meaning ‘wisdom beings’).

Bodhisattvas are beings that restrain themselves from attaining Nirvana (and therefore leaving the wheel of life or cycle of birth, death and reincarnation) so that they may help others accomplish Nirvana, which is a major difference between it and Theravada Buddhism.

Mahayana Buddhism is more easily absorbed by different cultures than the other forms which accounts for it having spread so far. The Buddhist emperor Ashoka (272-232 BC) gave Mahayana a colossal boost in popularity by sending missionaries to Sri Lanka, south-east Asia and China from where it was carried to Korea and Japan in the Sixth Century anno domini.

Zen Buddhism grew in popularity in Japan and China in the Seventh Century. Zen Buddhism is a variant of Mahayana Buddhism and teaches that Nirvana can be achieved through mental conditioning and meditation.

Vajrayana or Tantric Buddhism arose in the Seventh Century as well and is most common in Tibet and Mongolia. Vajrayana Buddhism tries to identify the initiate with a visualized deity. Tantric cannon includes esoteric writings, teaching that meditation can engage the mind by the use of mantras (chants), mudras (hand gestures) and mandalas (visible icons). The Dalai Lama is the spiritual and temporal head of Tibetan Vajrayana Buddhists.

Buddhism reached its height of popularity in China during the T’ang dynasty in the Ninth Century, when it was partially suppressed by royal command. Likewise Zen attained its height of popularity in the Nineteen Century when the Japanese royal family switched to Shintoism taking many of the royal hangers-on with it. Buddhism declined in India as well in the Eighth Century because lots of its concepts were absorbed into Hinduism. Buddism was to all intents and purposes extinct in India by the Thirteenth Century.

Owen Jones, the author of this piece writes on many subjects but is currently concerned with Easter.If you would like to read more, please go over to our web site entitled Celebrating Easter

December 12, 2010

Archery Equipment

Archery has been practiced for a long time. Bows have been found from at least 2,500 years before Christ, so 4,500 years ago. It is also likely that archery goes back several thousand years before that, but because most bows were made solely of wood, they have not lasted.

In the early days, bows were utilized for hunting and keeping raiders away. Nowadays, there are still some cultures that rely on hunting with bows and arrows to put meat on the table and there are also people who decide to do it that way for sport.

The equipment involved in archery is essentially a bow and an arrow, but it goes deeper than that. If you genuinely want to get into archery, you might want to think about making your own bow, your own arrows and your own practice targets.

There are excellent kits for making your own bows, but there are too many varieties of bows for us to go into all of them in this article. However, be assured that if you do want to construct your own bow, you will find a description of the materials and the methods on the Internet.

You can also make your own arrows and that is an easier subject to deal with. If you begin with the shaft, it can be made of wood, aluminium alloy or carbon fibre, all of which can be bought easily. Then, at the sharp end, you can choose your tip or point.

The arrow head should match the job that the arrow is meant for. If it is meant to kill, then a broadhead, if it is meant to make a hole in a piece of paper, then a simple brass tip.

The fletching can be bought independently too. You can feathers or plastic and with a little practice, you can use feathers that you have found yourself. Goose feathers were historically the ones most well-liked.

Lastly there is the nock, which is the part of the arrow that holds the string. The nock can be as simple as a ‘v’ or a ‘u’ cut in the arrow, or it can be a plastic or metal item that is slotted over the end of the arrow.

The bow string is too hard to make oneself, unless you really want to go into that technology. The bow string is more easily bought.

Archery targets, the round ones, you connect with target archery are a different kettle of fish, because you definitely can assemble them yourself. You first have to get hold of a pile of straw and then grab handfuls of it. Truss these handfuls of straw into ‘ropes’ and make a circle like a Catherine Wheel out of them.

Stitch these together until they form the size target you require. Place this on an easel or nail it to a tree and then pin the traditional archery target to the front of it.

You can paint the conventional concentric circles on cloth, canvas or paper. It does not have to cost a lot to take part in archery. Remember that 5,000 or 500 years ago, people had very little, yet they still enjoyed their sport or hobby of archery.

Owen Jones, the author of this piece writes on several topics, but is presently involved with archery bows for sale. If you would like to know more or for special deals, please go to our website at Kids Archery Set.

December 10, 2010

Archery As A Hobby

We are all being advised to get out more frequently, so many individuals are searching for a motive for doing it. You could choose a spectator sport like football, but that is not really going to do your body much good, you ought to be looking for a participation sport.

If you are younger, then play soccer by all means, but if you are getting on a bit, you will probably be looking for a sport that is not quite so taxing. Men like to take aim and shoot things even if not kill them. Golf is an option, but I want to suggest that you give archery a try.

Archery has the advantage over shooting a gun because it requires some physical fitness. It is not just a question of pulling, sorry, squeezing a trigger. If you take up archery, you will most likely want to acquire some more upper-body strength, especially if the most strenuous work you have done for the last twenty years is pick up a pen.

Archery is an all-round sport in many ways, depending on how much you get into it. The majority of novices will start out by going to an archery club and joining in for the day. People will lend them a bow and teach them the safety aspects and the correct way to hold a bow and shoot an arrow. This should give you a good notion of which kind of bow you would like.

After a week or two, you might purchase your own bow and you might move from indoor target archery to outdoor target archery or even field archery, which is virtual hunting. From there, you will almost certainly meet people who take archery a stage further. You will meet competition archers, bow hunters and people who assemble their own equipment.

You might find one of these aspects of archery enthralling. You may take up bow hunting or even bow fishing. This will take you off at a tangent, because you will have to learn about the animals that you hunt. You will have to learn where they live and what their habits are. This involves research.

Or you can take up the archery counterpart to clay pigeon shooting, which is known as field archery. In field archery, the archers walk around a course and model animals or standard targets will become visible at diverse distances. This is fun.

You will also meet people who like to make their own arrows or even their own bows. This is another fascinating feature of archery. You can buy the different components that go to make up an arrow and you can buy a kit to assemble a bow or you can start from scratch with an axe, a knife and a lathe. Again you will need to do a lot of research, in order to get your archery equipment just the way you want it.

This will take you down yet another tangent to archery, but it will improve your understanding of archery, augment your pleasure in the sport and, as they say, add another string to your bow.

Owen Jones, the author of this article writes on several topics, but is currently concerned with longbows for sale. If you would like to know more or for special deals, please go to our website at Kids Archery Set.

December 1, 2010

Tips For Bow Fishing

Archery fishing is also known as bow fishing and it is as ancient as the bow and arrow themselves. We in the West are inclined to think that only poorer tribesmen in Third World countries go bow fishing, but that is not quite true.

These days the hunting of mammals is stringently controlled and so some people who like to hunt with a bow will switch to bow fishing if the animals that they like to pursue, say deer, are out of season. Some other people, who would not hunt a deer or bear are quite happy to kill fish in this fashion.

Bow fishing is a skillful sport, but the equipment need not necessarily be hi-tech. The fact is that you can use whatever bow you have or you can just make one. It does not have to be powerful, because the quarry is rarely more than ten feet away. You categorically do not have to have a 100 lbf longbow to kill a trout.

Having said that, any bow used for fishing will need to be adapted slightly – you will need to attach a reel to it, but it does not have to be anything fancy. There are three principal types of reel for use in bow fishing: hand-wrap, spincast and retriever and the line is usually braided nylon of approximately eighty pounds although you might require six hundred pound breaking strain line for alligators or sharks.

It is worth checking out the regulations with regard to bow fishing in your country or state, because sometimes bow fishermen have to be licensed and sometimes getting that license involves having been on a safety course.

Some regions will even have regulations regarding the type of gear you can use in bow fishing and of course, some fish have seasonal restrictions.

Bow fishing is a mixture of fishing and hunting, so you could have to learn some new skills like tying knots for example. You will need to be able to tie the line to the reel and the arrow and those knots will need to be able to put up with the tremendous acceleration that an arrow leaving a bow goes through without failing.

The bow may not be different much from a standard bow, but the arrows certainly do. Arrows for bow fishing are usually a lot heavier that air-flight arrows. They also have barbed tips to prevent the fish escaping or just dropping off when you reel it in. The arrows do not have fletching either because flights tend to deflect the true course of the arrow in water – the reverse of in the air.

There are three main techniques used in bow fishing: 1] you can put down ground bait and lie in wait. – an over hanging tree or high rock is good for this; 2] you can float down stream in a dinghy while sitting or standing in the prow; 3] you can walk into the river like a salmon fisherman.

Compensating for the refraction of the water is the most difficult ability to learn and that means knowing the water well too.

Owen Jones, the writer of this article writes on several topics, but is presently involved with archery recurve bows. If you would like to know more or for special offers, please go to our website at Kids Archery Set.

November 28, 2010

Archery Targets

Archery can be classed as a sport or a hobby and it has its own class at the Olympic Games. Archers either hunt wild game animals or shoot at targets or both. If you aim at targets in a competition, it is the collective score of all your arrows that is used to work out your rank in that competition. The nearer the centre of the target that the arrow hits, the higher the tally.

Target archery can also be sub-divided into two categories: field archery and target archery. In target archery, the archer stands in a preset spot. If there are a number of archers, they can stand in a row and all shoot together on command from the person in charge of enforcing the rules and safety. Any kind of bow can usually be used in target archery, although only compound bows may be used in the Olympic Games.

In field archery, the targets are of diverse sizes and are placed at different distances. The archer moves around the course, so there is no one fixed shooting spot. The targets may be the well-known round targets with concentric rings or they may be life-size models of wild animals like bears, moose and foxes.

The bows used in field archery are more often than not traditional type bows: longbows, flat bows and recurves, although archers may use any bow that they want. When hunting live animals, compound bows are normally used because they are smaller, so more manoeuvrable, yet they are still very powerful.

Archery targets are conventionally made from straw bundled and tied together to make ropes. These ropes of straw are then wrapped around themselves like a Catherine Wheel and stitched together. The cloth or paper target is pinned to the front of it.

The other word for these targets is ‘butts’ and many old towns and villages in Britain still have a recreational space known as ‘The Butts’. Nowadays they play football or cricket on it, but Henry VIII decreed that all males had to practice his archery skills every Sunday at the butts using a longbow, so that there would be a lavish source of archers for his army.

In competition archery, every archer shoots at his or her own target, but every archer is expected to have exclusively coloured flights, so that if there is a problem an archer and the arrow can be known. This is useful for retrieving arrows that have missed the target altogether.

There are usually six arrows shot by each competitor in a series and if they are to be shot from different distances, it is normal to shoot from the furthest distance first. Men usually shoot from 90, 70, 50 and 30 metres, while ladies usually shoot from 70, 60, 50 and 30 metres.

Archery as a sport seems to be increasing in popularity, especially as there is a trend in some countries, like the UK, to make it more difficult to get a gun license. They say that fashion goes around and comes back again, well British men are back at the butts working on their archery skills again in greater numbers than there have been since possibly the sixteenth century.

Owen Jones, the author of this article writes on several subjects, but is currently concerned with archery bows for sale. If you would like to know more or for special offers, please go to our website at Kids Archery Set.

November 12, 2010

Archery Tips For Beginners

There are two main points that an archer has to do well to ensure the best likelihood of regularly hitting the target. The first is to hold the string stable at full draw until the archer is ready to shoot and secondly, releasing the string in the correct way every time. Most suggestions for novices should help the novice to accomplish these two states.

‘Creep’ is the first issue that a beginner should safeguard against. Creep is the phenomenon of the arrow, string and hand creeping forward as the archer takes aim. It is vital to keep the arrow at full draw for consistency. If the archer permits the hand to creep forward, the shot will not be consistent. Creep is caused by lack of concentration and strain.

The strain comes from trying to shoot a bow that the archer is not yet strong enough to control. People, particularly men often try to shoot a bow that is too powerful for them. If an archer is experiencing creep, the bow is probably too powerful for him or her at the moment. The archer should use a weaker bow and work out more until they are stronger.

The effects of creep on the shot are that the archer will not learn how to judge the fall of the arrow over distance and so will almost certainly undershoot, that is, the arrow will probably fall short. The only way to learn how to use the bow correctly is to always shoot at full draw.

Weariness can also lead to creep, but the archer can regulate this by resting well before a competition, staying fit and not using a bow that takes so much muscle that it cannot be shot for the period of the competition.

The novice archer has to learn how to release the arrow as well. It is much more difficult to hit the target if the release is not correct. The beginner should get an experienced archer to give a demonstration of the release so that he or she does not develop bad habits. The correct way to release the string is to relax the muscles in the tips of the fingers used to draw the string.

Novices often hurt their fingers after a couple of releases, so they try to release the string too quickly which can lead to pulling the string to the side a little. This little wobble can send the arrow off course.

The release should be clean and to the rear of the arrow, not to the side. If the release is to the rear, the arrow will fly true to where the archer pointed it. If the archer is having a lot of trouble toughening up the finger tips, it is possible to use a string release device, which will take the strain off the finger tips until they can be hardened up.

An archer could try the karate techniques of toughening the skin and the hand. One of these is to thrust the straight fingers into sand. An archer could also try a guitarists’ technique, that of daubing the finger tips with methylated spirits from time to time.

Owen Jones, the author of this piece writes on various topics, but is currently concerned with longbows for sale. If you would like to know more or for special offers, please go to our website at Kids Archery Set.

November 5, 2010

Archery Dealers On And Off Line

Do you have a leisure pursuit that you like to carry out out of doors or are you permanently glued to the seat in front of your computer? If you never get out, then that is a shame and you ought to take that common piece of guidance and get out more often .

And do what? – you may inquire. Yes, well that is your concern, is it not? But there are hundreds if not thousands of things that you can do in the open air and they are all healthier than sitting down in front of your computer no matter what you are doing with your PC.

I will admit that I spend too much time at my desk, although, in my defense, I will say that that is how I make my living. However, I do like to get outdoors sometimes too. I live in a country where foreigners, such as myself, are not allowed to own or carry anything that might be construed as a weapon. This includes penknives as well.

When I venture out into the beautiful countryside it is only to stroll with my wife and look for animals – mostly snakes and birds.. However, I have had a lifelong fascination for archery.

Something within me desires to be able to hit a target from a long distance. I do not want to kill anything, but I am alright with people who do so long as it is for a good reason.

It would be great to make a bow and the arrows to go with it. I am Welsh and have always hankered after a Welsh longbow, although it requires a great deal of strength to draw a longbow. The minimum draw weight in medieval days used to be 160 lbs for a war bow, for hunting it was 100 lbs, but these days it is more like 60 lbs.

However, this is still pretty heavy for contemporary man, who does not often pick up anything weightier than a pint of beer.

There are some fantastic archery dealers, but if you do not live near one, you should go on line and either place an order from there or have a catalogue sent to you. Two good places to start are ‘Footed Shaft’ and ‘Three Rivers’ archery suppliers.

Both of these companies will send you your desired items through the post and they have any kind of archery supplies that you may need. For example, they have finished goods such as bows and arrows, but they also supply nocks, feathers, arrow shafts and points so that you can make your own arrows.

Do you want to make your own bow too? No problem. You can either buy a kit with all the bits and instructions or you can buy a book or DVD and buy the parts yourself.

These and other on line archery equipment dealers provide good value for money and have very comprehensive stocks of archery products. Their catalogues and web sites are easy to navigate and use as well.

Owen Jones, the writer of this piece writes on various subjects, but is presently concerned with archery recurve bows. If you would like to know more or for special offers, please go to our website at Kids Archery Set.

October 21, 2010

Three Rivers Archery

If you are American and you are keen on archery, you will almost certainly have heard of Three Rivers Archery products. In Europe and the remainder of the world, you probably have not heard of them. Three Rivers Archery products are some of the finest in the world. In their own words, they specialize in longbows and recurve bows.

Three Rivers Archery also offers arrows and other archery equipment such as the materials to make or repair your own arrows. These materials include carbon fibre, wooden and aluminium arrow shafts, arrow heads, feathers and nocks. They also provide quivers, arrow rests, bow strings and everything else to do with archery.

The cost of these superb quality products is reasonable and professional archers, hunters, hobbyists and sports people all use Three Rivers Archery goods. There are models of archery equipment to suit every purpose and every pocket.

The equipment sold by Three Rivers Archery is of Olympic standard. That is to say that their recurve bows meet the requirements set by the Olympic committee. Their traditional selfbows are authentic replicas of original longbows.

The arrows are constructed of modern materials as well as timber. The modern composite arrows are usually better because modern carbon fibre and aluminium alloys are more durable for making arrow shafts than wood. That is difficult to confess for a traditionalist, but modern carbon fibre and aluminium alloy arrows do not splinter like a wooden arrow can if shot from a heavy-duty longbow.

The steel arrow tips that Three Rivers Archery has are far better than the old brass arrow tips as well. The old brass arrow points would often buckle or dent, whereas these new steel points are almost unbreakable. They sell whistling steel tips as well, although I am not certain why anyone would want a whistling arrow point. What is the point?

If you are not certain where you can get hold of Three Rivers Archery products, go online. They have an outstanding web site which is massive although still easy to navigate. If you are interested in archery, then I am sure that you could easily spend an hour or more just browsing the web site.

Their web site is very carefully set out with distinct sections for every facet of archery including ready-made items such as bows, arrows, equipment and clothing; there are further web pages on targets, quivers, accessories, books, DVD’s and youth archery. There are further web pages on medieval archery, hunting and bow making. There are even impressive offers only available to their web site visitors.

If that is not impressive, then there is a forum, an email service and an off-line catalogue. Three Rivers Archery will of course deliver your order to your door. You can order by post, by telephone or over the Internet.

Owen Jones, the writer of this piece writes on various subjects, but is presently concerned with archery recurve bows. If you would like to know more or for special deals, please go to our website at Kids Archery Set.

October 15, 2010

Targets Used In The Sport Of Archery

Archery is about striking a target with an arrow shot from a bow. The bow can either be an upright bow or a crossbow, although most people think of upright bows when they hear the word ‘archery’. Within the sport or hobby of target archery, there are two kinds: target archery and field archery. The champion is the archer with the highest combined score of his arrows that struck the target.

Target archery involves shooting arrows, usually six, from different distances typically 90, 70, 50 and 30 metres. The archers stand in a line before their targets beginning at 90 metres and shoot an arrow on the command of whoever is in charge.

Then they all move forward to the 70 metre mark and shoot again on the order and so on. After the six arrows have been shot, the archers proceed to their targets and add up their scores.

Field archery necessitates walking around a course where targets are set at different distances. The targets can be the traditional round ones or they may be models of wild animals like rabbits, elk or mountain lions.

Traditional targets are made from straw. Handfuls of straw are bound with string and made into a sort of rope. This rope is then wound around and around itself until a target of the correct size has been made. The rope is held in situ either by pinning it or tying it. A canvas or paper target is then pinned to the face of it.

Target archery can be practiced outdoors or indoors and the target sizes are different to match the various distances. An outdoor archery target can be either 122 centimetres or 80 centimetres in diameter. The centre of this target is 24.4 centimetres in diameter and there are four concentric circles around it. The indoor target is 80 centimetres in diameter. The middle of this size target is 16 centimetres and also has four concentric rings around it.

Each ring is about eight centimetres wide on the smaller target. The targets are coloured gold in the centre, then red, blue, black and white. At the centre of the gold is what many archers call the ‘pinhole’.

It is a small cross of about two millimetres in width. The target should then be placed on an easel or stand with a tilt of about 15 degrees. The pinhole should be 130 centimetres off the ground (plus or minus five centimetres).

If there is more than one archer, the pinholes should all be at the same height off the ground and the targets should be clearly numbered. The shooting line should be plainly marked and an archer’s shooting spot should be marked too. Five yards behind the archer, there should be another line, behind which non-competitors may stand.

The danger zone between the archers and the targets should be roped off to prevent spectators wandering into the line of fire. Knowing that the spectators are kept well back helps the archers to concentrate on their accuracy.

Owen Jones, the writer of this piece writes on various subjects, but is presently concerned with longbows for sale. If you would like to know more or for special offers, please go to our website at Kids Archery Set.

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